Inflation decreases to 3.1 percent in October

Inflation is measured each month as the increase in the consumer price index (CPI) relative to one year previously. The CPI not only provides an insight into price changes relative to one year previously (inflation), but also changes relative to the previous month. Prices for consumers rose by 0.3 percent in October relative to September.

Inflation down due to price changes in clothing and gas

Inflation was lower in October, partly due to price changes for clothing. Clothing was 0.4 percent more expensive in October than in October 2024. In September, the year-on-year price increase was 2.7 percent. The price changes for gas also had a downward effect on the inflation rate. Gas was 1.0 percent more expensive in October than a year earlier, down from 4.3 percent in September.

Upward effect of airline tickets

The price increase for airline tickets had an upward effect on the inflation rate in October. Airline tickets were 1.7 percent more expensive in October than the previous year. In September, prices were 17.2 percent lower, year on year.

Price changes in the short term

The CPI not only provides an insight into price changes relative to one year previously (inflation) but also compared to the previous month. Consumer prices rose by 0.3 percent in October relative to September.

It is worth noting that when making comparisons with the previous month, seasonal factors must be taken into account. For example, clothing is less expensive during sales than during other periods. Prices are temporarily lower then, but this is not a structural price decrease. Due to these seasonal influences, month-on-month changes are often more volatile than year-on-year changes.

Euro area inflation down

CBS publishes two different inflation rates: one is based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the other is based on the European Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP). According to the HICP, consumer goods and services in the Netherlands were 3.0 percent more expensive in October than they were one year previously. In September, inflation was also 3.0 percent according to the HICP. Inflation in the euro area fell from 2.2 percent in September to 2.1 percent in October.

In particular, energy prices in the euro area were lower in October, whereas they were higher in the Netherlands, year on year. Furthermore, the year-on-year price increase for food, beverages and tobacco, and services was higher in the Netherlands than the euro area average.

Difference between CPI and HICP

In order to facilitate comparison between countries, EU member states calculate a consumer price index according to internationally agreed definitions and methods. The European Central Bank (ECB) uses the HICP to formulate its monetary policies for the euro area. Most countries also produce their own national consumer price index.

For the Netherlands, the main difference between the CPI and the HICP is that the HICP does not take account of costs related to home ownership while the CPI does. In the Dutch CPI, these costs are calculated based on changes to rental property prices. These differences are explained in greater detail in the article Differences between consumer price figures.

New base year for CPI figures with effect from 2026

With effect from 2026, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the European Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) will move to a new base year, from 2015=100 to 2025=100. An update to the classification of goods and services will also come into use in 2026, in order to reflect current consumption patterns better. The CPI will also be brought more into line with the HICP from 2026 onwards. It is worth noting that these changes will not affect inflation figures that have already been published. The first figures based on the new series with the reference year 2025 will be published in early February 2026.