GDP, output and expenditures; changes, Quarterly National Accounts
Explanation of symbols
Dataset is not available.
This table provides quarterly and annual data on production, expenditures, income and external economic transactions of The Netherlands.
Data available from 1995.
Status of the figures:
Annual data of the period 1995-2021 are final. Quarterly data of 2021, 2022 and 2023 are provisional.
Changes as of March 25th 2024:
Data of the final estimate on the fourth quarter of 2023 and year 2023 have been added to this table.
When will new figures be published?
The preliminary estimate (flash estimate) of a quarter is released within 45 days. The second estimate is published after 85 days. At the second estimate of the fourth quarter, data of the previous three quarters will also be revised. If (new) annual figures become available in June, the quarterly figures will be revised again to bring them in line with the annual figures. Please note that there is a possibility that adjustments might take place at the end of March or September, in order to provide the European Commission with the latest figures.
Description topics
- Expenditure approach to GDP
- The way GDP is formed by underlying components in the so-called expenditure approach. In this approach the components are consumption by households, consumption by the general government, gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories and exports, minus imports. Changes in inventories are included for consistency with the production approach. From the 2010 edition of the European System of Accounts onwards these changes are added to fixed capital formation. Consumption, fixed capital formation and changes in inventories add up to the so-called national final expenditure. By adding exports final expenditure is obtained. Intermediate consumption, goods and services used upon production, is not part of final expenditure.
- Disposable for final expenditure
- The total amount of domestic generated goods and services (GDP) and the imported goods and services are adding up to the disposable for final expenditure. This variable is by definition equal to the total final expenditure, which is the sum of the National final expenditure and the exports of goods and services.
- Total
- Gross domestic product
- Gross domestic product (GDP) is a quantity that expresses the size of an economy. The volume change of GDP during a reference period expresses the growth or shrinkage of the economy. Gross domestic product at market prices is the final result of the production activity of resident producer units. It can be defined in three ways:
- production approach: GDP is the sum of gross value added of the various institutional sectors or the various industries plus taxes and less subsidies on products (which are not allocated to sectors and industries). It is also the balancing item in the total economy production account;
- expenditure approach: GDP is the sum of final uses of goods and services by resident institutional units (final consumption and gross capital formation), plus exports and minus imports of goods and services;
- income approach: GDP is the sum of uses in the total economy generation of income account (compensation of employees, taxes on production and imports less subsidies, gross operating surplus and mixed income of the total economy).
Net domestic product at market prices (NDP) can be obtained by deducting consumption of fixed capital from GDP.
- GDP, working days adjusted
- Growth of the gross domestic products,. adjusted for working days effects. The number of working days in corresponding quarters of successive years may differ due to a leap day, due to an unequal number of holidays that take place in a weekend (e.g. New Year's Day) or because of a holiday shift from one quarter to another (e.g. Easter Monday). The effect of an additional working day on the economic growth adds up to 0.2 to 0.3 percentage points.
- Imports of goods and services
- Transactions in goods and services (sales, barter and gifts) from non-residents to residents (in the Netherlands). Imports of goods occurs when economic ownership of goods is passed from non-residents to residents. This applies irrespective of corresponding physical movements of goods across frontiers. An enterprise or institution is considered residential after it has been active in the Netherlands for at least one year. This applies irrespective of the question whether the enterprise or institute has foreign owners.
- Total
- Imports of goods
- Transactions in goods (sales, barter and gifts) from non-residents to residents (in the Netherlands). Imports of goods occurs when economic ownership of goods is passed from non-residents to residents. This applies irrespective of corresponding physical movements of goods across frontiers. An enterprise or institution is considered residential after it has been active in the Netherlands for at least one year. This applies irrespective of the question whether the enterprise or institute has foreign owners. Part of the imports are raw materials, semi-finished products, fuel and fixed assets. Furthermore, imports of goods may be re-exports: goods that were imported before being exported, after having received at most minor adaptations.
- Imports of services
- Transactions in services (sales, barter and gifts) from non-residents to residents (in the Netherlands). Imports of services applies among others to expenses made by Dutch companies abroad, like costs of transportation, banking costs and business travels. Imports by services are also made by the Dutch general government, among others by means of expenses made by Dutch embassies and consulates. Imports of services by households consist among others of imports of consumer goods and the direct consumptive expenditure by Dutch residents abroad.
- Final expenditure
- The sum of the National final expenditure and the exports of goods and services. This variable is by definition equal to the disposable final expenditure (GDP and imports).
- Total
- National final expenditure
- The sum of the consumption of households and the government, gross fixed capital formation and changes in inventories.
- Total
- Binnenlandse finale bestedingen die bestaan uit de consumptieve bestedingen van huishoudens en de overheid, de bruto investeringen in vaste activa (bruto) en de voorraadvorming.
- Final consumption expenditure
- Expenditure on goods or services that are used for the direct satisfaction of individual or collective needs. Expenses may be made at home or abroad, but they are always made by resident institutional units, that is households or institutions residing in the Netherlands. By definition only households, non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs) and government institutions consume. Enterprises do not: expenses they make on goods and services are thought to serve production and are therefore classified as intermediate consumption of fixed capital formation. The general government is a special case. The government also has intermediate consumption, just like enterprises. But the output delivered by the government which is not directly paid for, non-market output (like safety), is classified as consumption by the general government. It is said that the government 'consumes its own production'. The system of national accounts demands that all that is produced is also consumed (or serves as an investment). By convention, government output is consumed by the government itself. This is not the only consumption by the general government. It also contains social transfers in kind. In the Netherlands this mainly concerns health care bills paid for by the government and an allowance for the rent.
- Total
- Households including NPISHs
- Consumption expenditure by households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs). Not all expenses made by households are seen as consumptive, households may invest as well. These investments mainly concern the purchase of houses and substantial costs on maintenance. Small costs on maintenance, indoor painting and the purchase of furniture is classified as consumption. This also applies to the purchase of cars and car maintenance.
- General government
- Consumption expenditure by the general government sector. The output delivered by the government which is not directly paid for, non-market output (like safety), is classified as consumption by the government. It is said that the government 'consumes its own production'. The system of national accounts demands that all that is produced is also consumed (or serves as an investment). By convention, government output is consumed by the government itself. This is not the only consumption by the general government. Purchases by general government of goods and services produced by market producers that are supplied to households as social transfers in kind are part of government consumption as well. Examples of this in the Netherlands are health care bills paid for by the government and an allowance for the rent.
Government output consumed by the government is classified into collective consumption and individual consumption. Collective consumption by the government consists of services for collective consumption that are provided simultaneously to all members of the community. Examples of this are expenses on defense, environmental health or public governance. Individual consumption is made up of expenses that serve only part of the community. This concerns mainly education.
- Gross fixed capital formation
- Expenditure on produced assets that are used in a production process for more than one year. This may concern a building, dwelling, transport equipment or a machine. This in contrast with goods and services which are used up during the production process, the so-called intermediate use (e.g. iron ore). Fixed capital does lose value over time as a result of normal wear and tear and obsolescence. This is called consumption of fixed capital (also called depreciation). The value of fixed capital formation in which the consumption of fixed capital is not deducted is called gross fixed capital formation. Deduction of the consumption of fixed capital results in net fixed capital formation.
The following types of fixed assets exist: dwellings and other buildings and structures, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, weapon systems (included in machinery and equipment), computers, software, telecommunication equipment, research and development, cultivated biological resources, mineral exploration and evaluation, and costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets, like land, contracts, leases and licenses.- Total
- Enterprises and households
- Gross fixed capital formation of (financial or non-financial) corporations and households including non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs). Fixed capital formation by households concerns houses, but also investments by the self-employed.
- General government
- Gross fixed capital formation of the sector general government. Fixed capital formation by the general government concerns e.g. investments in public infrastructure, research and development and weapon systems.
- Changes in inventories incl. valuables
- Changes in inventories including acquisitions less disposals of valuables.
Changes in the stock of raw materials, semi-finished products, work-in-progress (unfinished works like ships or oil rigs) and finished products still held by the producer. Changes in stock do not include work-in-progress in construction. Positive changes in inventories arise when products are finished in the reference period but not yet sold. Alternatively, they arise when goods are purchased for intermediate consumption but not yet used. Negative changes in inventories arise when goods from stocks have been sold, or used in the production process. A more extensive list of changes in inventories is found in the European System of Accounts 2010.
In measuring changes in inventories, changes in prices during the reference period are not allowed to have any effect. The initial and final inventory is therefore valued at the same price. Raw materials are valued at the price of purchase. Final products are valued at the selling price. Work-in-progress is valued at the cost-price.
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables consists of the acquisitions less disposals of precious stones, non-monetary gold, antiques, art objects and jewelry that are acquired and held primarily as stores of value. In the national accounts this transaction is mostly combined with changes in inventories.
- Exports of goods and services
- Transactions in goods and services (sales, barter and gifts) from residents (in the Netherlands) to non-residents. Exports of goods occurs when economic ownership of goods is passed from residents to non-residents. This applies irrespective of corresponding physical movements of goods across frontiers. An enterprise or institution is considered residential after it has been active in the Netherlands for at least one year. This applies irrespective of the question whether the enterprise or institute has foreign owners.
- Total
- Exports of goods
- Transactions in goods (sales, barter and gifts) from residents (in the Netherlands) to non-residents. Exports of goods occurs when economic ownership of goods is passed from residents to non-residents. This applies irrespective of corresponding physical movements of goods across frontiers. An enterprise or institution is considered residential after it has been active in the Netherlands for at least one year. This applies irrespective of the question whether the enterprise or institute has foreign owners. Part of the exports of goods are re-exports: goods that were imported before being exported, after having received at most minor adaptations.
- Exports of services
- Transactions in services (sales, barter and gifts) from residents (in the Netherlands) to non-residents. Exports of goods occurs when economic ownership of goods is passed from residents to non-residents. Exports of services include among others the following cases: transportation by resident carriers abroad, harbor services and ship maintenance to non-residents, works performed abroad by resident contractors. Expenses made in the Netherlands by foreign tourists, diplomats and cross-border workers.
- Production approach to GDP
- The way GDP is formed by underlying components in the so-called production approach. In this approach GDP equals the sum of value added over all branches (including non-commercial ones). Value added is thereby registered at basic prices. GDP at market prices is obtained by adding taxes less subsidies on production and the difference between imputed and paid VAT. The included taxes and subsidies apply both to produced and imported goods and services. Examples of these are VAT and taxes on import.
- Value added basic prices
- The value of all goods and services produced (production value or output), minus those that have been intermediately used upon production (intermediate consumption). Value added is rated at basic prices: purchaser's prices minus trade and transport margins and taxes on products paid and plus subsidies on products received. Intermediate consumption is rated at purchaser's prices minus non-deductible VAT.
Included is the output by all kind-of-activity units residing in the Netherlands, also those that are held by foreign owners.
Net value added can be obtained by deducting consumption of fixed capital from gross value added.- Total
- A-F Agriculture and industry
- This category is made up of the categories:
A Agriculture, forestry and fishing
B Mining and quarrying
C Manufacturing
D Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
E Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
F Construction- Total
- A Agriculture, forestry and fishing
- Agriculture, forestry and fishing
- B-E Industry (no construction), energy
- This category is made up of the categories:
B Mining and quarrying
C Manufacturing
D Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
E Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities- Total
- B Mining and quarrying
- Mining and quarrying
- C Manufacturing
- Manufacturing
- Total
- 10-12 Manufacture of food and beverages
- Manufacture of food products, beverages and tobacco
This category is made up of the categories:
10 Manufacture of food products
11 Manufacture of beverages
12 Manufacture of tobacco products
- 13-15 Man. of textile-, leather products
- Manufacture of textiles and textile products and of leather and leather products
This category is made up of the categories:
13 Manufacture of textiles
14 Manufacture of wearing apparel
15 Manufacture of leather, products of leather and footwear
- 16-18 Man. wood en paperprod., printing
- Manufacturing of wood and paper and of products of wood and paper; printing
This category is made up of the categories:
16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials
17 Manufacture of paper and paper products
18 Printing and reproduction of recorded media
- 19 Manufacture of coke and petroleum
- Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products
- 20-21 Chemistry and pharmaceuticals
- Manufacture of chemicals and pharmaceuticals
This category is made up of the categories:
20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
21 Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations
- 22-23 Man. plastics and constructionprod
- Manufacture of rubber and plastic products and of construction products
This category is made up of the categories:
22 Manufacture of rubber and plastic products
23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
- 24-25 Man. of basic metals and -products
- Manufacture of basic metals and fabricated metal products
This category is made up of the categories:
24 Manufacture of basic metals
25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
- 26-27 Electrical and electron. industry
- Manufacture of computers, electronic, optical and electrical products
This category is made up of the categories:
26 Manufacture of computers, electronic and optical products
27 Manufacture of electrical equipment
- 28 Manufacture of machinery n.e.c.
- Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.
- 29-30 Transport equipment
- Manufacture of transport equipment
This category is made up of the categories:
29 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
30 Manufacture of other transport equipment
- 31-33 Other manufacturing and repair
- Manufacture of furniture and other products; repair and installation of machinery and equipment
This category is made up of the categories:
31 Manufacture of furniture
32 Manufacture of other products (rest)
33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipment
- D Electricity and gas supply
- Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
- E Water supply and waste management
- Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
- F Construction
- Construction
- G-N Commercial services
- Commercial services
This category is made up of the categories:
G Wholesale and retail trade
H Transportation and storage
I Accommodation and food serving
J Information and communication
K Financial institutions
L Renting and buying and selling of real estate
M Consultancy, research and other specialized business services
N Renting and leasing of tangible goods and other business support services- Total
- G-I Trade, transport, hotels, catering
- Trade, transport, hotels, catering
This category is made up of the categories:
G Wholesale and retail trade
H Transportation and storage
I Accommodation and food serving- Total
- G Wholesale and retail trade
- Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
- H Transportation and storage
- Transportation and storage
- I Accommodation and food serving
- Accommodation and food service activities
- J Information and communication
- Information and communication
- K Financial institutions
- Financial institutions
- L Renting, buying, selling real estate
- Renting, buying, selling real estate
- M-N Business services
- Business services
This category is made up of the categories:
M Consultancy, research and other specialized business services
N Renting and leasing of tangible goods and other business support services- Total
- M Other specialised business services
- Consultancy, research and other specialized business services
This section includes:
- specialized professional, scientific and technical activities. These activities require a high degree of training, and make specialized knowledge and skills available to users.
- N Renting and other business support
- Renting and leasing of tangible goods and other business support services
- Total
- 77 Renting and leasing of tangible goods
- 77 Renting and leasing of motor vehicles, consumer goods, machines and
other tangible goods
- 78 Employment activities
- 78 Employment placement, provision of temporary employment and payrolling
- 79 Travel agencies, tour operators etc
- 79 Travel agencies, tour operators, tourist information and reservation
- 80-82 Security and other services
- This category is made up of the categories:
80 Security and investigation
81 Facility management
82 Other business services
- O-U Non-commercial services
- Non-commercial services
This category is made up of the categories:
O Public administration, public services and compulsory social security
P Education
Q Health and social work activities
R Culture, sports and recreation
S Other service activities
T Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and service- producing activities of households for own use
U Extraterritorial organizations- Total
- O-Q Government and care
- Government and care
This category is made up of the categories:
O Public administration, public services and compulsory social security
P Education
Q Health and social work activities- Total
- O-P Government and education
- Government and education
This category is made up of the categories:
O Public administration, public services and compulsory social security
P Education- Total
- O Public administration and services
- Public administration, public services and compulsory social security
- P Education
- Education
- Q Health and social work activities
- Human health and social work activities
- R-U Culture, recreation, other services
- Culture, recreation, other services
This category is made up of the categories:
R Culture, sports and recreation
S Other service activities
T Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and service- producing activities of households for own use
U Extraterritorial organizations
- Taxes and subsidies on products
- Taxes on products are related to the value or the volume of products. They are levied on domestically produced or trans acted products and on imported products. Taxes on products are classified into taxes on domestic products, taxes on imports and VAT.
Subsidies on products are related to the value or the volume of products. They can be distinguished between subsidies on domestic products and subsidies on imports.- Taxes less subsidies on products
- Taxes on products less subsidies on products.
- Taxes on products
- Taxes that are payable per unit of a given good or service produced or imported. The tax may be a specific amount of money per unit of quantity of a good or service, or it may be calculated as a specified percentage of the price per unit or value of the goods and services produced or traded.
- Subsidies on products
- Subsidies payable per unit of a good or service produced or imported. The amount of subsidies is related to the value or amount of product.
- Gross domestic product
- Gross domestic product (GDP) is a quantity that expresses the size of an economy. The volume change of GDP during a reference period expresses the growth or shrinkage of the economy. Gross domestic product at market prices is the final result of the production activity of resident producer units. It can be defined in three ways:
- production approach: GDP is the sum of gross value added of the various institutional sectors or the various industries plus taxes and less subsidies on products (which are not allocated to sectors and industries). It is also the balancing item in the total economy production account;
- expenditure approach: GDP is the sum of final uses of goods and services by resident institutional units (final consumption and gross capital formation), plus exports and minus imports of goods and services;
- income approach: GDP is the sum of uses in the total economy generation of income account (compensation of employees, taxes on production and imports less subsidies, gross operating surplus and mixed income of the total economy).
Net domestic product at market prices (NDP) can be obtained by deducting consumption of fixed capital from GDP.
- GDP, working days adjusted
- Growth of the gross domestic products,. adjusted for working days effects. The number of working days in corresponding quarters of successive years may differ due to a leap day, due to an unequal number of holidays that take place in a weekend (e.g. New Year's Day) or because of a holiday shift from one quarter to another (e.g. Easter Monday). The effect of an additional working day on the economic growth adds up to 0.2 to 0.3 percentage points.
- Income approach to GDP
- The way GDP is formed by underlying components in the so-called income approach. In this approach the components are the incomes generated from production activities: compensation of employees and operating surplus / mixed income. To remain consistent with GDP at market prices, taxes less subsidies on production and imports (not necessarily product-related) are added.
- Compensation of employees
- The compensation of employees is the total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an employer to an employee in return for work done by the latter during an accounting period. The compensation of employees is equal to the sum of wages and salaries and employers' social contributions.
- Net operating surplus
- The surplus that remains after compensation of employees and taxes less subsidies on production and imports have been subtracted from the sum of value added at basic prices. For the self-employed (who are part of the sector households) the surplus is called mixed income, it is partly a reward for their entrepreneurship compensation for their labor.
In the system of national accounts 'gross' means that consumption of fixed capital (depreciation) has not been subtracted. When it has, 'net' is used.
- Taxes and subsidies on production
- Taxes and subsidies on production and imports.
- Taxes less subsidies
- Taxes less subsidies on production and imports, not necessarily product-related. This figures is needed to make GDP calculated by the income approach equal to GDP calculated by the production approach and the expenditure approach, GDP at market prices.
- Taxes on production and imports
- Taxes on production and imports are compulsory payments to the government and the European Union (EU), which are related to production, imports and to the use of production factors. Taxes on production and imports are classified into taxes on products and other taxes on production.
- Subsidies on production and imports
- Current payments from the Dutch government or the European Union to producers with the objective to influence output prices, employment or the remuneration of production factors. Subsidies are distinguished between subsidies on products and other subsidies on production.
- Net domestic product market prices
- Gross domestic product (GDP) is a quantity that expresses the size of an economy. The volume change of GDP during a reference period expresses the growth or shrinkage of the economy. Gross domestic product at market prices is the final result of the production activity of resident producer units. It can be defined in three ways:
- production approach: GDP is the sum of gross value added of the various institutional sectors or the various industries plus taxes and less subsidies on products (which are not allocated to sectors and industries). It is also the balancing item in the total economy production account;
- expenditure approach: GDP is the sum of final uses of goods and services by resident institutional units (final consumption and gross capital formation), plus exports and minus imports of goods and services;
- income approach: GDP is the sum of uses in the total economy generation of income account (compensation of employees, taxes on production and imports less subsidies, gross operating surplus and mixed income of the total economy).
Net domestic product at market prices (NDP) can be obtained by deducting consumption of fixed capital from GDP.
- Consumption of fixed capital
- The decline in value of fixed assets owned, as a result of normal wear and tear and obsolescence.
For the estimation of the consumption of fixed capital the perpetual inventory method (PIM) is applied. The capital stock at the beginning of the year is brought to replacement value because of price changes. The fixed capital formation during the year is added to this capital stock. Next it is diminished with the value of capital goods discarded. This gives to value of capital stock at the end of the year. The consumption of fixed obtained by applying a depreciation percentage.
This method may differ considerably from the method used to calculate depreciation in business accounts, which is based on historical costs or fiscal life span.
- Gross domestic product
- Gross domestic product (GDP) is a quantity that expresses the size of an economy. The volume change of GDP during a reference period expresses the growth or shrinkage of the economy. Gross domestic product at market prices is the final result of the production activity of resident producer units. It can be defined in three ways:
- production approach: GDP is the sum of gross value added of the various institutional sectors or the various industries plus taxes and less subsidies on products (which are not allocated to sectors and industries). It is also the balancing item in the total economy production account;
- expenditure approach: GDP is the sum of final uses of goods and services by resident institutional units (final consumption and gross capital formation), plus exports and minus imports of goods and services;
- income approach: GDP is the sum of uses in the total economy generation of income account (compensation of employees, taxes on production and imports less subsidies, gross operating surplus and mixed income of the total economy).
Net domestic product at market prices (NDP) can be obtained by deducting consumption of fixed capital from GDP.
- GDP, working days adjusted
- Growth of the gross domestic products,. adjusted for working days effects. The number of working days in corresponding quarters of successive years may differ due to a leap day, due to an unequal number of holidays that take place in a weekend (e.g. New Year's Day) or because of a holiday shift from one quarter to another (e.g. Easter Monday). The effect of an additional working day on the economic growth adds up to 0.2 to 0.3 percentage points.