Dutch dependency on critical raw materials

About this publication

There is growing international and national attention for the dependency on, and security of supply of, critical raw materials. This century has even been called the “century of mining” (Bakker, 2025a). The present publication is the second CBS study on the Dutch dependency on critical raw materials from other countries, such as China. It updates the first study (Bohn et al., 2023a) and adds new elements, including the footprint of critical materials and results at the material level.