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Buiten, Gert, Jacqueline van den Hof and Peter van de Ven (1999).As in many other countries, the Dutch National Accounts have been revised, in accordance with the new world-wide System of National Accounts (SNA) 1993, and its European equivalent, the European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA) 1995. This paper explains the main reasons for the revision, gives the results on a macro-level, mainly data in relation to the production process and discusses some issues in relation to the implementation.
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Kazemier, Brugt, Steven Keuning and Peter van de Ven (1999).The System of Economic and Social Accounting Matrices and Extensions (SESAME) is a modular statistical information system that serves to enable an integrated measurement of welfare, including its social and environmental attributes. This paper contains a pilot application to the Netherlands of the socio-demographic module. The core indicator that can be derived from this module is the inactive/active ratio. This ratio provides an indication for the economic basis of the welfare state and plays a quite important role in social-economic policy.
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Jacobs, Jan, Jan-Egbert Sturm and Peter Groote (1999).This paper illustrates the benefits of communication and co-operation between data using macroeconomists and data constructing historians by describing a joint research project on the effects of infrastructure investments on the economy in the Netherlands in the second half of the nineteenth century. The case study shows that co-operation can be fruitful and may lead to new insights for both groups.
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Pommée, Marcel (1998).This paper discusses some conceptual and methodological issues related to the estimation of reserves of natural gas and oil. The first section focuses on these subsoil assets in relation to the 1993 SNA. The second section deals with the situation and valuation of these assets in the Netherlands. The valuation method applied may be of special interest because of its simplicity and modest data requirements.
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Boer, Sake de, Jan van Dalen and Piet Verbiest (1997).In this paper we discuss the use of chain indices in the Netherlands. In Dutch practice chain indices are applied from 1980 onwards. Chain indices are a good base for the construction of economic models, since changing weights guarantee a near approximation of actual developments and the actual economic structure. However, special attention should be paid to the tuning of the model to the characteristics of the data and to the presentation of model results to the public.
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Kazemier, Brugt (1997).In 1992, Statistics Netherlands published the first results of a major revision of national accounts statistics. Part of this revision was the introduction of an alternative method to estimate the volume change of government output. This paper briefly describes this alternative method and the results of the revision with respect to the volume change of government services.
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Keuning, Steven J. and Ted Reininga (1997).It is increasingly acknowledged that the financial structure of a firm is an important determinant of its economic activity. Therefore, the use of financial capital should be seen as a separate input in the production process. This paper attempts to operationalize a meso-economic measurement of financial capital inputs in production and shows the consequences for the estimation of multi-factor productivity change. This approach establishes a much closer relationship of macro-economic accounting and analysis to business economics
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Bos, Frits (1996).This paper investigates the consequences of globalisation, European unification, automation and more market-oriented government for the national accounts as a central international overview-statistic on national economies. The perspective on the future is a mixture of exploiting present and new potentials and coping well with dangers.
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Keuning, Steven J. (1996).This paper addresses the interaction between national accounts and socio-economic policy formulation. In the Netherlands, this interaction mainly occurs through the widespread application of formal economic modelling. Lately, however, the domestic use of national accounts figures swells because of their growing relevance to policy-making and because the Netherlands' national accounts incorporate all kinds of social and environmental data.
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Leunis, Wim P. and Jolanda G. Timmerman (1996).This paper describes recent developments in the area of labour market statistics and shows the advantages of integrating these data in the system of Labour accounts and in Social Accounting Matrices. The benefits of such integrated information surpass the sum of the benefits of various source data. A subsequent effort to adjust the micro data and aggregate figures increases the possible uses of statistics even further.
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Pommée, Marcel and Willem Baris (1996).This paper deals with the estimation of opening and closing stocks of produced intangible assets such as mineral exploration, computer software and artistic originals and non-produced assets such as land, subsoil assets, patented entities and purchased goodwill. The first section elaborates on the main conceptual issues related to the compilation of stock data such as the asset boundary, the relation between flows and stocks and principles of valuation. The following sections discuss each of the asset categories in detail.
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Keuning, Steven J. and Mark de Haan (1996).The National Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts (NAMEA) shows environmental pressures in physical units that are consistent with the monetary figures in the national accounts. This paper introduces the NAMEA-concept, provides some illustrative analyses of the recently completed NAMEA time-series, and demonstrates social accounts and social indicators can easily be integrated. This results in a fairly broad, multi-purpose statistical information system.
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Keuning, Steven J. (1996).The national accounts publication in the Netherlands contains not only the conventional economic accounts and indicators, but also an integrated system of environmental and economic accounts, the NAMEA (National Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts). This paper reports on the present status of the NAMEA-approach and gives a concise summary of this approach. It reviews the present applications of this framework in the Netherlands and, finally, a comparison with the SEEA is made and various common misunderstandings regarding Green National Income are set out.
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Bloem, Adriaan M., Sake De Boer and Pieter Wind (1993).The registration of processing is discussed primarily with regard to its effects on input-output type tables and input-output quotes. Links between National Accounts and basic statistics, user demands and international guidelines are examined. Net recording is in general to be preferred. An exception has to be made when processing amounts to a complete production process, e.g. oil refineries in the Netherlands.
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Reininga, Ted K. and Brugt Kazemier (1996).Since 1986 Statistics Netherlands publishes Quarterly National Accounts. The earliest estimates of quarterly GDP, the so-called flash estimates, are published some seven weeks after the reference quarter. In this paper we examine a new, faster flash estimate, some three to four weeks earlier than its original counterpart. The gain is made by using a simple regression technique and incomplete data. To compensate for the lack of data, information on the number of working-days and shopping-days was added to the regression. It turns out that these calendar-aspects significantly affect GDP-growth: 0.30%-points extra GDP-growth for one extra working- day. One extra shopping-day accounts for about 0.17%-points extra GDP-growth.
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Konijn, Paul J.A., Sake de Boer and Jan van Dalen (1995).Many environmental problems are connected to production and use of materials and energy. It would therefore be desirable to have an information system that gives consistent, complete and detailed information on material and energy flows. Such a system would even be more useful if it could be connected directly to economic data. This paper presents such a system which is illustrated with an application to the flows of iron/steel and energy. An input-output table is presented that describes the production processes in the ferrous metal branch entirely in physical units. Subsequently, steel contents of final products are calculated, and an analysis is made of the consequences of a new technology in the basic steel industry on total energy use in the economy.
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Keuning, Steven J. and Jolanda G. Timmerman (1995).The 1993 SNA mentions that a SAM can also be extended to deal with environmental issues. This entails the integration of a SAM and a NAMEA into a SAMEA (Social Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts), a further extension into the direction of a so-called SESAME (System of Economic and Social Accounting Matrices and Extensions). This paper shows how environmental data can be integrated into such a system. A Dutch case study shows the interrelations between e.g. the employment of various types of workers (by sex/educational level) and the environmental problems caused by the activities in which they are employed. This pollution is also allocated to the subsectors that receive value added. This enables a comparison with the consumption-based pollution by sub-sector. The SAMEA yields a framework for an integrated analysis and modelling of social, economic and environmental issues.
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Bos, Frits (1995).This paper describes the relationship between economic theory and national accounting. This relationship is often misunderstood, by economic theorists and national accountants alike. Attention is drawn to the consistency required in a national accounting system, to national accounts figures as a transformation of primary data and to the fundamentally different valuation principles employed in economic theory and national accounting (forward looking and analytic versus backward looking and descriptive). The gap between economic theory and national accounting can only be bridged by satellite accounts, as in these accounts consistency with the overall system and valuation at current exchange value are not strictly required.
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De Haan, Mark and Steven Keuning (1995).The National Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts (NAMEA) contains figures on environmental burdens in relation to economic developments as reflected in the National accounts. NAMEA's for the Netherlands in 1989, 1990 and 1991 have now been completed. They include a more detailed industrial classification and a series of environment taxes and levies, plus environmental protection expenditures by industry and households. Further, the depletion of two important mineral resources in the Netherlands is now incorporated in the NAMEA's.
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Keuning, Steven J.(1994).This paper demonstrates that measures of real income change for the total economy can best be derived from real income changes per sub-sector. For this purpose a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) at constant prices has been compiled. By breaking down value added at constant prices into constant price estimates for each primary input category, productivity changes by industry can be estimated as an integral part of the regular national accounts compilation. The national total trading gain or loss from a change in the terms of trade is as well allocated to sub-sectors, thus embedding the estimation of this macro-measure into a meso-consistency framework. These ideas have been applied in a case study for Indonesia.
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Den Bakker, Gert P. and Jan de Gijt (1994).This paper deals with the Dutch interwar labour force data. Starting with census data the estimation of the working and non-working labour force by industry and by occupational type is described and the results are discussed. The data have been estimated within the national accounts framework. It is the first time that labour market figures at a meso-level have been estimated which are linked to other national accounting figures.
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Den Bakker, Gert P., Jan de Gijt and Robert A.M. van Rooijen (1994).This paper presents the (new) revision policy for the Dutch National Accounts. In the past, several major revisions of national accounting data have been carried out in the Netherlands. In the course of time, the policy has changed several times. Recently, the aim has become to publish relatively long time-series shortly after the publication of the revised benchmark year data.
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Timmerman, Jolanda G. and Peter J.M. van de Ven (1994).
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Timmerman, Jolanda G. and Peter J.M. van de Ven (1994). In this paper a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for the Netherlands is presented. Two years are covered: 1988 and 1990. The SAM is an integrated data framework based on national accounts extended with information on distribution of income, consumption and wealth among household. Furthermore, labour income and employment are subdivided into several labour categories.
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Keuning, Steven J. (1994).This paper elaborates on the concept of a System of Economic and Social Accounting Matrices and Extensions, or SESAME for short. The SESAME-concept serves to meet the criticism that conventional national accounts take a too limited view at social, environmental and economic development. SESAME details the monetary accounts and couples non-monetary information in an integral system approach. SESAME is meant as a synthesis of national accounts and the social indicators approach.
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Cörvers, Frank and Ted Reininga (1996).The paper analyses the human and physical capital content of Dutch trade and tests the validity of the controversial Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) theorem of international trade for the Netherlands. The factor content analysis shows that the Netherlands is abundant in machinery and equipment and low-skilled labour and is poor in intermediate and high-skilled labour and construction. These findings are in line with the true Dutch factor endowments and underline the relevance of the HOV theorem in the Dutch case.
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De Boer, Bart, Mark de Haan and Monique Voogt (1994).Sustainable use of the environment is a pattern of use that can last forever, at least in theory. This pattern is likely to render a lower net domestic product than the present economy. The coherence between reductions in pressure on the environment and changes in net domestic product is investigated with the help of a simple multiplier model. This model is based on a National Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts (NAMEA).
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Streppel, Irene and Dick Van Tongeren (1994).This paper questions the international comparability of data concerning the sector General Government in the National Accounts. Two differences are distinguished: differences due to lack of compliance with international guidelines and institutional differences. Adjustments to National Accounts data are reflected in a separate module that compares Germany versus The Netherlands. The module shows that total General Government resources as well as uses are substantially higher in the Netherlands.
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Van Leeuwen, George, Hendrie van der Hoeven and Gerrit Zijlmans (1994).This paper describes the STAN project of the OECD and the Dutch national accounts data supplied to the STAN database, which is designed for a structural analysis of the role of technology in economic performance. Following an OECD analysis for other industrial countries, the importance of international trade for a small open economy such as the Netherlands is investigated.
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Baris, Willem (1993).This paper describes the recording of damages to inventories and produced fixed assets in general, including damages as a result of legal product liability and of the liability for damage to the environment. In this regard, the 1993 System of National Accounts and the practice of business accounting are compared with the Dutch national accounts.
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Bos, Frits (1993).This paper discusses the implementation of the new United Nations guide lines on national accounting (SNA) in the Netherlands. The changes in basic concepts and classifications in the SNA will be implemented during the forthcoming revision. The changes in scope will be introduced gradually. Important changes scheduled for the near future are the incorporation of balance sheets, an environmental module and a Social Accounting Matrix.
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Pauli, Peter and Nico van Stokrom (1994).During the recent revision of the Dutch national accounts, new agricultural accounts have been compiled for the Netherlands. This paper presents the major methodological and practical improvements and results for 1987, the base year for this revision. In addition, this paper demonstrates that a linkage can be established between the E.C. agricultural accounting system and the agricultural part of the standard national accounts.
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Bos, Frits (1993).In this paper, the four successive guidelines of the United Nations on national accounting are discussed in view of economic theory (Keynesian analysis, welfare, Hicksian income, input-output analysis, etc.) and data compilation issues (e.g. the link with concepts in administrative data sources). The new guidelines of the EC should complement those of the UN and be simpler and more cost-efficient. It should define a balanced set of operational concepts and tables that is attainable for most EC countries within 5 years.
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De Haan, Mark, Steven Keuning and Peter Bosch (1993).In this paper, environmental indicators are integrated into a National Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts (NAMEA) and are put on a par with the major aggregates in the national accounts, like National Income. The environmental indicators reflect the goals of the environmental policy of the Dutch government. Concrete figures are presented for 1989. The NAMEA is optimally suited as a database for modelling the interaction between the national economy and the environment.
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Keuning, Steven and Jan de Gijt (1992).Currently, the national accounts typically use two formats for presentation: matrices for the input-output tables and T-accounts for the transactions of institutional sectors. This paper demonstrates that presently available national accounts can easily be transformed into a National Accounting Matrix (NAM). This may improve both the transparency and analytic usefulness of the complete set of accounts.
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Van den Bos, C and P.G. Al (1994).The 1987 revision that was completed in 1992 has improved the Dutch National Accounts in three ways. First, new and other data sources have been used, like Production statistics of service industries, the Budget Survey and Statistics on fixed capital formation. Secondly, the integration process has been improved by the use of detailed make- and use-tables instead of more aggregate input-output tables. Thirdly, several changes in bookkeeping conventions have been introduced, like a net instead of a gross registration of processing to order.
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Bos, Frits and Cor N. Gorter (1993). This report describes the compilation of the final estimate of Dutch Gross National Product after the revision of the Dutch National Accounts in 1992. Attention is focused on the estimation procedures for 1988. The description covers among other things data sources, sampling features of the surveys, grossing up procedures, adjustments for underreporting and the integration process.
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Den Bakker, Gert P. (1992).This paper describes the history of national accounting in the Netherlands. After two early estimates in the beginning of the nineteenth century, modern national accounting started in the 1930s on behalf of the Tinbergen model for the Dutch economy. The development spurred up after World War II to provide data to the government for economic planning purposes. In the 1980s, the development was towards a flexible and institutional approach.
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Den Bakker, Gert P., Jan de Gijt and Steven J. Keuning (1992).This paper presents a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for the Netherlands in 1938, including related, non-monetary tables on demographic characteristics, employment, etc. The distribution of income and expenditure among household subgroups in the 1938 SAM is compared with concomitant data for 1987.
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De Vet, Bas (1992).This paper discusses the regionalization of production and capital formation by multi-regional kind-of-activity units. It also examines the circumstances in which a unit may be said to have a local kind-of-activity unit in the extra-territorial region and what should be attributed to this "region".
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Keuning, Steven J. (1992).The present set of main economic indicators should be extended with one or a few indicators on the state of the environment. This paper lists various reasons why a so-called Green Domestic Product is not suitable for this purpose. Instead, a system's approach should be followed. A National Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts (NAMEA) is presented and the way to derive one or more separate indicators on the environment from this information system is outlined.
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Kazemier, Brugt and Jeanet Exel (1992).This paper presents a module on informal production, supplementing the National Accounts. Its purpose is to incorporate informal production into the concepts of the SNA. The relation between formal and informal production is shown in the framework of a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). To avoid a controversial valuation of informal production, the module consists of two SAMs. One expressed in actual prices with informal labour valued zero, and one which expresses the embedded informal labour input measured in terms of hours worked.
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Bos, Frits, Hugo Hollanders and Steven Keuning (1992).This paper presents a national accounts framework fully tailored to a description of the role of Research and Development (R&D) in the national economy. The framework facilitates to draw macro-economic conclusions from all kinds of data on R&D (also micro-data and qualitative information). Figures presented in this way can serve as a data base for modelling the role of R&D in the national economy.
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Reininga, Ted and Gerrit Zijlmans (1992).The Dutch Quarterly Flash (QF) is, just like the regular Quarterly Accounts (QA), a fully integrated statistic based on a quarterly updated input-output table. Not all short term statistics used to update the QA's input-output are timely enough to be of use for the QF, so other sources have to be found or forecasts have to be made. In large parts of the service industry the latter is the only possibility. This paper reports on the use of econometric techniques (viz. series decomposition and ARIMA modelling) to improve the quality of the forecasts in five parts of the service industry.
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Reininga, Ted, Gerrit Zijlmans and Ron Janssen (1992).Since 1989-IV, the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics has made preliminary estimates of quarterly macro-economic figures at about 8 weeks after the end of the reference quarter. Since 1991-II, a preliminary or "Flash" estimate of GDP has been published. The decision to do so was based on a study comparing the Flash estimates and the regular Quarterly Accounts figures, which have a 17-week delay. This paper reports on a similar study with figures through 1991-III.
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Bos, Frits (1992).At present, the national accounts in most countries are compiled on the basis of concepts and classifications recommended in the 1968-United Nations guidelines. In this paper, we trace the historical roots of these guidelines (e.g. the work by King, Petty, Kuznets, Keynes, Leontief, Frisch, Tinbergen and Stone), compare the subsequent guidelines and discuss also alternative accounting systems like extended accounts and SAMs.
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Bos, Frits (1992).The consequences of deregulation for economic statistics are discussed with a view to Europe 1992. In particular, the effects of the introduction of the Intrastat-system for statistics on international trade are investigated. It is argued that if the Statistical Offices of the EC-countries do not respond adequately, Europe 1992 will lead to a deterioration of economic statistics: they will become less reliable, less cost effective and less balanced.
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Boo, Abram J. De, Peter R. Bosch, Cor N. Gorter and Steven J. Keuning (1991).A linkage between environmental data and the National Accounts is often limited to the production accounts. This paper argues that the consequences of economic actions on ecosystems and vice versa should be considered in terms of the complete System of National Accounts (SNA). One should begin with relating volume flows of environmental matter to the standard economic accounts. For this purpose, a so-called National Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts (NAMEA) is proposed. This is illustrated with an example.
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Kazemier, Brugt (1991).This paper discusses three alternative methods for the measurement of the production volume of government. All methods yield almost similar results: the average annual increase in the last two decades of government labour productivity is about 0.7 percent per full-time worker equivalent. The implementation of either one of these methods would have led to circa 0.1 percentage points higher estimates of economic growth in the Netherlands.
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Bakker, Gert P. den (1991).The sensitivity of growth estimates to variations in index number formulae and weighting procedures is discussed. The calculations concern the macro-economic variables for the interwar period in the Netherlands. It appears that the use of different formulae and weights yields large differences in growth rates. Comparisons of GDP growth rates among countries are presently obscured by the use of different deflation methods. There exists an urgent need for standardisation of deflation methods at the international level.
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Keuning, Steven J. (1991).In many instances, the valuation of transactions in goods and services in the national accounts poses a problem. The main reason is that the price paid by the purchaser deviates from the price received by the producers. The paper discusses these problems and demonstrates that different valuations should be used in the supply and use tables and in the sectoral accounts.
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Keuning, Steven J. (1990).This paper contains a discussion on the measurement of multifactor productivity and sketches a framework for analysing the relation between productivity changes and changes in the average factor remuneration rate by industry. Subsequently, the effects on the average wage rate by labour category and the household primary income distribution are studied.
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Kazemier, Brugt and Rob van Eck (1990).This paper presents a model of the supply of hidden labour in the Netherlands. Model simulations show that the supply of hidden labour is not very sensitive to cyclical fluctuations. A tax exempt of 1500 guilders for second jobs and a higher probability of detection, however, may substantially decrease the magnitude of the hidden labour market.
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Den Bakker, Gert P. and Jan de Gijt (1990).In this paper new data for the interwar period are presented. The distribution of value added over industries and a break-down of value added into components is given. Employment by industry is estimated as well. Moreover, structural changes during the interwar years and in the more recent past are juxtaposed.
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Kazemier, Brugt (1990).The major problem in estimating the size of hidden income is that total income, reported plus unreported, is unknown. However, this is not the case with total interest income of households in the Netherlands. This makes it possible to estimate at least the order of magnitude of this part of hidden income. In this paper it will be shown that in 1977, 1979 and 1981 almost 50% of total interest received by households was concealed.
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Bos, Frits (1990).In practice, gross figures of Domestic Product, National Product and National Income are most often preferred to net figures. In this paper, this practice is challenged. Conceptual issues and the reliability of capital consumption estimates are discussed.
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Keuning, Steven J. (1990).This paper shows that all flow accounts which may become part of the next System of National Accounts can be embedded easily in a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). In fact, for many purposes a SAM format may be preferred to the traditional T-accounts for the institutional sectors, since it allows for more flexibility in selecting relevant classifications and valuation principles.
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Gorter, Cor N. and others (1990).Translation of the inventory report submitted to the GNP Management Committee of the European Communities.
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Keuning, Steven J. (1990).The use of services related to borrowing money, leasing capital goods, and renting land should not be considered as intermediate inputs into specific production processes. It is argued that the way of recording the use of financial services in the present SNA should remainlargely intact.